PythonQuickies

buffering

Fix CLI buffering in Python with:

$ python -u foo.py | tee mylog.log

"-u" means unbuffered, or something

Delayed Type Definitions

from __future__ import annotations # allows types to be used before definition

class Foo:
  def add_child(self, a_foo: Foo)
    self.children.append(a_foo)

Random

base64.b32encode(os.urandom(64)).decode('utf-8')

Decorators

def my_decorator(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
        func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
    return wrapper

@my_decorator
def say_hello():
    print("Hello!")

say_hello()

Virtual Environments

# Check Python version
python3 --version

# Check pip version
pip3 --version

# Install virtualenv
pip3 install virtualenv

# Install venv
sudo apt install python3-venv

# Navigate to your project directory
cd ~/my_project/

# Create virtual environment
python3 -m venv myenv

# Activate virtual environment
source myenv/bin/activate

# Now you can install packages
pip install <your-package>

# Deactivate when you're done
deactivate

What Libs Have I?

$ pip freeze --local
blinker==1.6.2
click==8.1.7
flask==2.3.3
importlib-metadata==6.8.0
itsdangerous==2.1.2
Jinja2==3.1.2
MarkupSafe==2.1.3
werkzeug==2.3.7
zipp==3.16.2

Package Info

• https://pypi.org/project/package-name/
  • eg: https://pypi.org/project/itsdangerous/

Datetime and Timestamp

from datetime import datetime, timezone
import pytz

print("When including time, use one of the following:")

ts = 0
good_dt = pytz.utc.localize(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(ts))
print(f'pytz.utc.localize(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(ts)) = {good_dt}')

ts = 0
good_dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(ts, timezone.utc)
print(f'datetime.fromtimestamp(ts, timezone.utc) = {good_dt}')

dt_with_tz = good_dt
good_ts = int(dt_with_tz.timestamp())
print(f'int(dt_with_tz.timestamp()) = {good_ts}')

now_dt = pytz.utc.localize(datetime.utcnow())
now_ts = int(now_dt.timestamp())
renow_dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(now_ts, timezone.utc)

print()
print(f'now_dt = pytz.utc.localize(datetime.utcnow()) = {now_dt}')
print(f'now_ts = int(now_dt.timestamp()) = {now_ts}')
print(f'now_dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(now_ts, timezone.utc) = {renow_dt}')

now_ts = int(pytz.utc.localize(datetime.utcnow()).timestamp())
print(f'now_ts = int(pytz.utc.localize(datetime.utcnow()).timestamp()) = {now_ts}')

import time
print(f'now_ts = int(time.time()) = {int(time.time())}')

Subclass

# Parent class
class Vehicle:
    def __init__(self, brand, model):
        self.brand = brand
        self.model = model

    def display(self):
        print(f"This is a {self.brand} {self.model}.")

# Child class
class Car(Vehicle):
    def __init__(self, brand, model, doors):
        super().__init__(brand, model)  # Call the __init__ of the parent class
        self.doors = doors

    # Overriding the display method of the parent class
    def display(self):
        super().display()  # Call the display method of the parent class
        print(f"It has {self.doors} doors.")

# Testing the classes
vehicle = Vehicle("Toyota", "Camry")
vehicle.display()

car = Car("Honda", "Civic", 4)
car.display()

Abstract Base Class

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

from .event import Event

class ThreadEvent(ABC, Event):
    """
    A class used to represent a post, comment, or reply in a community.
    """
    
    @abstractmethod
    def to_tag(self):
        """
        Returns
        -------
        list
            contains one element which is this event's own tag
        """
        pass